Citation Guide

REFERENCES AND CITATIONS  (APA style, 7th Ed.)

When citing sources within the text of the manuscript, it is important following the guidelines outlined in the APA Manual, 7th edition. A propertitles  capitalisation is an essential aspect of APA style. Please adhere to the following rules:

  1. Capitalisation of Journal Titles, Publishers, and Web Names:
    • Journal titles, publishers, and web names should be written in title case capitalisation. This means that the first letter of each major word should be capitalised, while minor words such as articles (a, an, the), conjunctions (and, but, or), and prepositions (in, on, of) should be lowercase, unless they appear as the first word of the title.
    • For detailed examples and guidelines, please refer to the APA Style Manual at [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples].
  2. Capitalisation of Article/Book/Thesis/Web Source Titles:
    • When citing the titles of articles, books, theses, and web sources within your text, use sentence case capitalisation. Sentence case capitalisation means that only the first word of the title, proper nouns, and acronyms should be capitalised.
    • To ensure consistency, please edit all article, book, thesis, and web source titles accordingly.
    • For additional examples and guidelines on sentence case capitalisation, please consult the APA Style Manual, 7th edition, available at [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalisation/sentence-case].

Please note that you should insert the appropriate URLs from the official APA website that correspond to the guidelines on title case capitalisation and sentence case capitalisation.

More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well as the Concise Guide to APA Style (7th ed.). Also see the Reference Examples pages on the APA Style website. (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization/title-case)

 

APA Style utilises the author-date citation system, wherein a concise in-text citation directs readers to a comprehensive reference list entry. The in-text citation is placed within the body of the paper, table, figure, footnote, or appendix, and briefly identifies the cited work through the author's name and publication date. This allows readers to locate the corresponding entry in the alphabetical reference list located at the end of the paper.
It is crucial that each cited work is included in the reference list, and conversely, every work listed in the reference section must be cited in the text, table, figure, footnote, or appendix.

Proper citations are required for both paraphrases and direct quotations.

 

The following guidelines should be followed when creating in-text citations:

 

  • Ensure that the author names' spelling and publication dates in the reference list match those in the corresponding in-text citations.
  • Only cite works that have been read and ideas that have been incorporated into the writing. The cited works may provide essential background information, support or challenge the thesis, or offer critical definitions and data.
  • Consider that readers, particularly those using assistive technology like screen readers, may find it challenging to comprehend a long series of citations. Therefore, include only the necessary citations that support your immediate point.
  • Whenever possible, cite primary sources and use secondary sources sparingly.
  • Provide citations for all facts and figures mentioned that are not common knowledge to document the sources.
  • To cite a specific part of a source, include an author-date citation for the work and provide information about the specific part.
  • Even if sources cannot be retrieved (e.g., personal communications), acknowledge them in the text. However, avoid citing online sources that are no longer accessible.

 

 Journal Article (Section 10.1)

Edwards, A. A., Steacy, L. M., Siegelman, N., Rigobon, V. M., Kearns, D. M., Rueckl, J. G., & Compton, D. L. (2022). Unpacking the unique relationship between set for variability and word reading development: Examining word- and child-level predictors of performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(6), 1242–1256. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000696

Online Magazine Article (Section 10.1)

 Thomson, J. (2022, September 8). Massive, strange white structures appear on Utah’s Great Salt Lake.

Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/mysterious-mounds-great-salt-lake-utah-explained-mirabilite-1741151

Print Magazine Article (Section 10.1)

Nicholl, K. (2020, May). A royal spark. Vanity Fair, 62(5), 56–65, 100.

Online Newspaper Article (Section 10.1)

Roberts, S. (2020, April 9). Early string ties us to Neanderthals. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/science/neanderthals-fiber-string-math.html

Print Newspaper Article (Section 10.1)

Reynolds, G. (2019, April 9). Different strokes for athletic hearts. The New York Times, D4.

Blog Post (Section 10.1)

Rutledge, P. (2019, March 11). The upside of social media. The Media Psychology Blog.

https://www.pamelarutledge.com/2019/03/11/the-upside-of-social-media/

Authored Book (Section 10.2)

Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Pineau, T. R. (2018). Mindful sport performance enhancement: Mental training for athletes and coaches. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000048-000

Edited Book Chapter (Section 10.3)

Zeleke, W. A., Hughes, T. L., & Drozda, N. (2020). Home–school collaboration to promote mind– body health. In C. Maykel & M. A. Bray (Eds.), Promoting mind–body health in schools: Interventions for mental health professionals (pp. 11–26). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000157-002

Online Dictionary Entry (Section 10.3)

 American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Internet addiction. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved April 24, 2022, from  https://dictionary.apa.org/internet-addiction

Report by a Group Author (Section 10.4)

World Health Organization. (2014). Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/113048/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.1_ eng.pdf?ua=1

Report by Individual Authors (Section 10.4)

Winthrop, R., Ziegler, L., Handa, R., & Fakoya, F. (2019). How playful learning can help leapfrog progress in education. Center for Universal Education at Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/ uploads/2019/04/how_playful_learning_can_help_leapfrog_progress_in_education.pdf

Press Release (Section 10.4)

American Psychological Association. (2020, March 2). APA reaffirms psychologists’ role in combating climate change [Press release]. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2020/03/combating- climate-change

Conference Session (Section 10.5)

Davidson, R. J. (2019, August 8–11). Well-being is a skill [Conference session]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States. https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/a5ea5d51/files/uploaded/APA2019_ Program_190708.pdf

Dissertation From a Database (Section 10.6)

Horvath-Plyman, M. (2018). Social media and the college student journey: An examination of how social media use impacts social capital and affects college choice, access, and transition (Publication No. 10937367). [Doctoral dissertation, New York University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

 Preprint Article (Section 10.8)

Latimier, A., Peyre, H., & Ramus, F. (2020). A meta-analytic review of the benefit of spacing out retrieval practice episodes on retention. PsyArXiv. https://psyarxiv.com/kzy7u/

Data Set (Section 10.9)

O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set]. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ ICPSR36966.v1

Film or Video (Section 10.12)

Docter, P., & Del Carmen, R. (Directors). (2015). Inside out [Film]. Walt Disney Pictures; Pixar Animation Studios.

TV Series Episode (Section 10.12)

Dippold, K. (Writer), & Trim, M. (Director). (2011, April 14). Fancy party (Season 3, Episode 9) [TV series episode]. In G. Daniels, H. Klein, D. Miner, & M. Schur (Executive Producers), Parks and recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions; Fremulon; 3 Arts Entertainment; Universal Media Studios.

Webinar (Section 10.12)

Kamin, H. S., Lee, C. L., & McAdoo, T. L. (2020). Creating references using seventh edition APA Style [Webinar]. American Psychological Association. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/tutorials- webinars

YouTube Video (Section 10.12)

Above The Noise. (2017, October 18). Can procrastination be a good thing? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQMwmBNNOnQ

Song or Track (Section 10.13)

Nirvana. (1991). Smells like teen spirit [Song]. On Nevermind. DGC.

 

Radio Broadcast (Section 10.13)

Hersher, R. (2020, March 19). Spring starts today all over America, which is weird [Radio broadcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/03/19/817237429/spring-starts-today-all-over america-which-is-weird

Podcast Episode (Section 10.13)

Santos, L. (Host). (n.d.) Psychopaths and superheroes (No. 1) [Audio podcast episode]. In The happiness lab with Dr. Laurie Santos. Pushkin Industries. https://www.happinesslab.fm/season-2-episodes/ episode-1

 Infographic (Section 10.14)

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Data sharing [Infographic]. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/data-sharing-infographic.pdf

PowerPoint From a Classroom Website (Section 10.14)

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations

[PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

Tweet (Section 10.15)

Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2020, April 7). It’s World Health Day, and we owe a profound debt of gratitude to all our medical professionals. They’re still giving [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ BarackObama/status/1247555328365023238

Open Educational Resource (Section 10.16)

Fagan, J. (2019, March 25). Nursing clinical brain. OER Commons. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/53029-nursing-clinical-brain/view

 Webpage (Section 10.16)

Chandler, N. (2020, April 9). What’s the difference between Sasquatch and Bigfoot? howstuffworks. https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/strange-creatures/sasquatch-bigfoot- difference.htm

Webpage on a News Website (Section 10.16)

Machado, J., & Turner, K. (2020, March 7). The future of feminism. Vox. https://www.vox.com/ identities/2020/3/7/21163193/international-womens-day-2020

Webpage With a Retrieval Date (Section 10.16)

Center for Systems Science and Engineering. (2020, May 6). COVID-19 dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Johns Hopkins University & Medicine, Coronavirus Resource Center. Retrieved May 6, 2020, from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html

 

Paraphrasing involves expressing someone else's idea (or your own previously published idea) using your own words. The purpose of paraphrasing is to summarize and integrate information from one or multiple sources, focusing on important details and making comparisons and contrasts.

Experienced writers often prefer paraphrasing their sources instead of directly quoting them. When paraphrasing, it is necessary to cite the original source using either the narrative or parenthetical citation style.

While it is not obligatory to include a page or paragraph number in the citation, you may choose to add one (in addition to the author and year) if it helps readers locate the relevant passage within a lengthy or complex work, such as a book.

According to Smith (2020), an illustrative case was presented involving a 6-year-old boy who exhibited symptoms of anxiety disorder. The therapeutic approach for the child focused on cognitive-behavioral techniques aimed at reducing anxiety symptoms and enhancing coping strategies (pp. 78-79).

 

The following guidelines apply when you encounter a primary source, read and paraphrase it independently. In cases where you come across a paraphrase of a primary source in a published work and wish to cite that specific source, it is advisable to refer to and cite the primary source directly whenever feasible. However, if accessing the primary source directly is not possible, you should employ a citation from a secondary source.

When a paraphrase extends over multiple sentences, it is necessary to provide the citation for the work being paraphrased upon its first mention. After the initial citation, there is no need to repeat it as long as the context of the writing indicates that the ongoing paraphrase pertains to the same work.

 

Atta Quainoo et al. (2022) confidently declare that interrelation between globalization and social and  human  sciences has become  one  of  the  most  discussed  issues  in  literature  and  political  agendas. Both psychology and pedagogy have an important place in shaping the communityor globalisation and global  activities  have  a  great  impact  uponpsychological  and  pedagogical concepts  and  forms  of knowledge management worldwide. Obviously, psychological  and  pedagogical  sciencesovercome  significant  changes  as  traditional knowledge paradigm ceases to be principal concept or thought pattern because of its inability to realize scientific  tasks  in  the  global  dimension.  Accordingly,  there  is  an  urgent  need  to  analyze  the  current trends  in  psychology  and  pedagogy  under  impact  of  globalization  in  order  to  build  efficient  scientific process and to take advantages of their transformations.

 

When a paraphrase extends into a new paragraph, it is important to reintroduce the citation for the source. Similarly, if the paraphrase includes information from multiple sources or transitions between different sources, it is necessary to repeat the citation to ensure clarity regarding the specific source being referenced. It is crucial to review your sentences attentively to ensure that you have appropriately cited all relevant sources.

 

A  series  of  studies  have  focused  on  the  challenges  faced  by  the  educational  community  in  the context  of  online  education  (Hussein et  al., 2020; Thompson,  2018; Bhise et  al., 2022; Jameel et al.,2020). These are primarily challenges related to academic integrity. Researchers note that it can be difficult  to  monitor  and  prevent  dishonest  practices,  such  as  plagiarism  or  cheating,  among  students. Toavoid  worries  about  the  authenticity  and  reliability  of  academic  work  and  grades,  additional measures  are  needed.  It`s  important  to  ensure  that  students  adhere  to  high  standards  of  academic integrity.

 

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