Censorship in Teacher Training: The Case of the Lending Library of the Pedagogical Academy of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57125/FED.2023.09.25.11Keywords:
censorship, Pedagogical Academy, teacher training, lending libraryAbstract
This paper examines censorship forms implemented in the pedagogical training received by the students (teacher candidates) of the Pedagogical Academy of Heraklion (Crete, Greece) during the period of the April dictatorship (1967-1974). First, a bibliographical overview of the main term of the paper, namely the censorship, is attempted, and then the historical context of the censorship actions undertaken by the dictators is analysed. The research was based on the archival material of the Academy, specifically the documents relating to its lending library. The historical interpretive methodology of 'history from below' was followed. The aim of the research was to highlight the correlation between the examined documents, which seemingly did not relate to the concept of censorship, and the conceptual and historical context set. The results of the research revealed many acts of censorship, overt or latent, concerning the formation of the institution's lending library. The above results constituted important findings, as they contributed to the scientific methodology of ‘history from below’, as the research object was not associated with a person or a group of people, as is common practice. Instead, the focus of the research was placed on an institution of pedagogical training that has been in the margins in terms of research, and there were no papers in the relevant scientific discourse that base their research on such a research unit. Finally, this research attempted to highlight important findings that sometimes confirm and sometimes contradict the hitherto known literature on the implementation of censorship in the period under review. More specifically, the findings were consistent with the general idea of the intense censorship activity of the dictators in the period 1967-1972, but it also highlights similar results for the period 1972-1974, for which relevant research had shown that the phenomenon of censorship was clearly less visible.
References
Andritsos, G. (2016). Censorship in Greek cinema: Protectors of the nation and youth. Journal of the Editors.
Athanasiou, A. (2008). Censorship and performativity: Regulating the limits of legal discourse. In G. Ziogas (Ed.), Aspects of censorship in Greece (pp. 158–166). Nefeli.
Axelos, L. (1984). Editorial activity and the movement of ideas in Greece. Stochastis.
Bouchard, J. (2018). Nikolaos Mavrokordatos and self-censorship. In I. Hadjipanagioti-Sangmeister (Ed.), Control of ideas and censorship from the beginnings of Greek printing until the Constitution of 1844 (pp. 163-172). Athens.
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Polity Press.
Bunn, M. (2015). Reimagining repression: New censorship theory and after. History and Theory, 54(1), 25–44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24543076
Butler, J. (1998). Ruled out: Vocabularies of the censor. In R. Post (eds.), Censorship and silencing. (pp. 247–260). Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities.
Charnow, S. D. (2005). The Politics of preventive censorship. In Theatre, politics, and markets in Fin-de-Siècle Paris (pp. 53–84). Palgrave Macmillan New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05458-6_3
Cook, P., & Heilmann, C. (2013). Two types of self-censorship: Public and private. Political Studies, 61(1), 178–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x
Curry, A. (1997). The limits of tolerance: Censorship and intellectual freedom in public libraries. Scarecrow Press.
Dimitropoulos, D. (2018). Between censorship and self-censorship. The attitude of the Hellenic Chronicles. In I. Hadjipanagioti-Sangmeister (Ed.), Control of ideas and censorship from the beginnings of Greek printing until the Constitution of 1844 (pp. 351–372). Athens.
Forced law 1092/1938, About the press. (1938). Official Government Gazette, 68, Vol. A, 02/22/1938.
Forced law 437/1937. About Supplementing Law No. 45 of the Forced Law "About the establishment of the State Ministry of Press and Tourism. (1937). Official Government Gazette, 22, Vol. A, 25-1-1937
Forced law 45/1936, About the establishment of the Ministry of Press and Tourism. (1936). Official Government Gazette, 379, Vol. A, 31-8-1936.
Foucault, M. (1976). Supervision and punishment. Rappas.
Foucault, M. (1982). History of sexuality. 1 The thirst for knowledge. Rappas.
Heins, M. (2007). Not in front of the children: ‘Indecency’, censorship, and the innocence of youth. Rutgers University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hj1m3
Hourdakis, A. (2006). "Little secrets": The small scale and the concept of "microtext" in the history of education on the basis of a children's scrapbook. In H. Tzikas (Ed.), Issues of history and historiography of education (pp. 71–104). Epikentro.
Jansen, S. C. (1991). Censorship: The knot that binds power and knowledge. Oxford University Press.
Karakatsani, D., & Theodorou, V. (2010). 'Hygiene orders': Medical supervision and social welfare for the child in the first decades of the 20th century. Dionikos.
Klapsis, H. (2019). The propaganda of dictatorship. In D. Kairidis, A. Klapsis, & S. Vlachopoulos (Eds.), Dictatorship of the Colonels: A seven year period anatomy (pp. 90–108). Patakis.
Koulouri, X. (2020). Fustanelles and Chlamydes, historical memory and national identity 1821-1930. Alexandria.
Lambrinos, F. (2013). It is Junta. Will it pass?. Kastaniotis.
Law 346/1969, About the press. (1969). Official Government Gazette, 232, Vol. A, 11/15/1969.
Lemonidou, E. (2017). History on the Big Screen. History, cinema and national identities. Taxideftis.
Leonidas, N. (1974). The rodent of truth: Censorship and the rodents that served it during the seven years. Anti, (1).
Meynand, J. (2002). The political forces in Greece. Volume 2: Royal abortion and military dictatorship. Savvalas.
Minnich, N. H. (2010). The fifth Lateran council and preventive censorship of printed books. Annali Della Scuola Normale Superiore Di Pisa. Classe Di Lettere e Filosofia, 2(1), 67–104. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24308618
Moellendick, C. M. (2009). Libraries, censors, and self-censorship. PNLA Quarterly, 73(4), 68–76. https://pnla.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/volume-73-4-summer-2009.pdf
Moody, K. (2004). Opinions and experiences of Queensland-based public librar-ians with regard to censorship of materials in public library collections: An exploratory analysis. In Proceedings of the ALIA 2004 Biennial Conference: Challenging Ideas. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/479/1/ALIA_Paper_eprints.pdf
Moody, K. (2005). Covert censorship in libraries: A discussion paper. The Australian Library Journal, 54(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049670.2005.10721741
Papadimitriou, L., & Kulentianou, M. (2009). The Greek musical. Critical-cultural view. Papazisis.
Papanikolaou, D. (2017). Making some paradoxical moves: Culture in the years of dictatorship. In V. Karamanolakis (Ed.), The military dictatorship. Ta Nea.
Pehlivanos, M. (2018). On the self-censorship of a ruler: Nicholas Mavrokordatos and the Philotheos Parerga. In I. Hadjipanagioti-Sangmeister (Ed.), Control of ideas and censorship from the beginnings of Greek printing until the Constitution of 1844 (pp. 173-192). Athens.
Peshmazoglou, V. (1999). Greek dictatorship (1967–1974) and the EU: Economy, politics, ideology. In G. Athanasatou (Ed.), The dictatorship 1967–1974 (pp. 92–114). Kastaniotis.
Petsini, P., & Christopoulos, D. (2016). Why censorship. In P. Petsini & D. Christopoulos (Eds.), Censorship in Greece 1967-1974. (pp. 10–16). Rosa Luxemburg Foundation.
Raitsinis, C. (2016). Illegal press, censorship and propaganda during the dictatorship of the colonels 1967-1974 [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Economics and Political Sciences.
Reichman, H. (2001). Censorship and selection: Issues and answers for schools (3rd. ed.). American Library Association.
Royal decree 108/1942, About the amendment, supplementation and codification of the provisions on the control of theatrical works, cinematographic films, gramophone records and books. (1942). Official Government Gazette, 48, Vol. A, 03/06/1942.
Stratos, K. (1995). Opposition and dissent the position of the newspapers in the 1967-1974 dictatorship. Kastaniotis.
Whelan, D. (2009, February 02). A dirty little secret: Self-censorship. School Library Journal. https://www.slj.com/story/a-dirty-little-secret-self-censorship
Zacharopoulos, T., & Paraschos, M. (1993). Mass media in Greece: Power, politics and privatization. Praeger.
Zervou, A. (1992). Censorship and resistance in the texts of our childhood: 'Robinson', 'Alice' and 'The fairy tale with no name': an adult's reading. Odysseus.
Ziogas, G. (2008). Aspects of censorship in Greece. In G. Ziogas (Ed.), Aspects of censorship in Greece (pp. 2–10). Nefeli.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
