Assessing Programs and Finance of Social Studies Teacher Education in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57125/FED.2025.12.02Keywords:
social studies education, teacher education, education programs, education financeAbstract
The lack of both scientific and pedagogical capacity of teachers has been a significant challenge in the efforts to improve the quality of primary and secondary education in Indonesia. It raises an urgent need to examine the educational quality and sustainability of teacher education programs run by either state-owned or private academies/universities across the country. Based on official data available online, we collected and analysed the educational programs and finances of teacher education programs (Bachelor of Education) in Social Studies education from 25 universities (9 state, 12 Islamic, and 5 private) located in major and minor cities across the country. As a result, the majority of programs obtained top-level status from government-affiliated and/or national accreditation agencies for teacher education, with 36% receiving A-level accreditation, 56% B-level, and 8% holding international accreditation. Yet, the educational objectives of those programs are largely domestic and nationally focused, with limited international exposure and competitiveness. Additionally, given the relatively affordable tuition fees, which range from USD 2,469 to USD 14,465, the programs may offer greater opportunities for students from upper-, middle-, or lower-socioeconomic backgrounds. Yet, it is also hindered from receiving adequate financial support for the development and improvement of its educational quality, particularly at the international level.
References
References
Ariawan, S. (2022). The Analysis of Teacher Policy in Indonesia. Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research, 3(2), 107. https://doi.org/10.30659/jamr.3.2.107-114
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). (2022). Rata-Rata Upah/Gaji (Rupiah) 2021-2022. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/19/1521/1/rata-rata-upah-gaji.html
Bawane, J. (2019). Paradoxes in Teacher Education: Voices from the Indian Context. In Teaching and Teacher Education (pp. 49–70). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26879-4_3
Bianco, M. B., & Carr-Chellman, A. A. (2007). Exploring qualitative methodologies in online learning environments. Online learning communities.
Brewis, E. (2019). Fair access to higher education and discourses of development: a policy analysis from Indonesia. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 49(3), 453–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2018.1425132
Buchanan, M. T. (2020). Teacher education: What Australian Christian schools need and what higher education delivers. International Journal of Christianity & Education, 24(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056997119892642
Cochran-Smith, M. (2020). Teacher Education for Justice and Equity: 40 Years of Advocacy. Action in Teacher Education, 42(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2019.1702120
Cochran-Smith, M., Grudnoff, L., Orland-Barak, L., & Smith, K. (2020). Educating Teacher Educators: International Perspectives. The New Educator, 16(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1547688X.2019.1670309
Crowe, A. R., & Cuenca, A. (2016). Rethinking Social Studies Teacher Education in the Twenty-First Century. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22939-3
Darling-Hammond, L. (2020). Accountability in Teacher Education. Action in Teacher Education, 42(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2019.1704464
Darling-Hammond, L., & Lieberman, A. (Eds. ). (2013). Teacher Education Around the World: Changing policies and practices (L. Darling-Hammond & A. LIEBERMAN, Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203817551
Digdowiseiso, K. (2020). The Development Of Higher Education In Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9, 1381–1385.
Fadhil, I., & Sabic-El-Rayess, A. (2021). Providing Equity of Access to Higher Education in Indonesia: A Policy Evaluation. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE), 3(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.23917/ijolae.v3i1.10376
Faisal, & Martin, S. N. (2019). Science education in Indonesia: past, present, and future. Asia-Pacific Science Education, 5(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-019-0032-0
Isnawati, I., Jalinus, N., & Risfendra, R. (2020). Analisis Kemampuan Pedagogi Guru SMK yang sedang Mengambil Pendidikan Profesi Guru dengan Metode Deskriptif Kuantitatif dan Metode Kualitatif. INVOTEK: Jurnal Inovasi Vokasional Dan Teknologi, 20(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.24036/invotek.v20i1.652
Jay, L. (2022). The disciplinary and critical divide in social studies teacher education research: A review of the literature from 2009–2019. Theory & Research in Social Education, 50(3), 339–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2022.2077156
Kaiser, T., & Menkhoff, L. (2020). Financial education in schools: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Economics of Education Review, 78, 101930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2019.101930
Kawuryan, S. P., Sayuti, S. A., Aman, A., & Dwiningrum, S. I. A. (2021). Teachers Quality and Educational Equality Achievements in Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 14(2), 811–830. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14245a
Kelabora, L. (1975). The Evolution of Teacher Education in Indonesia. South Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 3(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/0311213750030105
Kennedy, K. J. (2021). Social Studies Education in South and South East Asian Contexts. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003057598
Kleinsasser, R. C. (2014). Teacher efficacy in Teaching and Teacher Education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 44, 168–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.07.007
Korthagen, F. A. J. (2010). How Teacher CEducation can Make a Difference. Journal of Education for Teaching, 36(4), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2010.513854
Kosim, M., & Muqoddam, F. (2021). Teacher Education System In Indonesia: A Comparative Study. İlköğretim Online, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.01.63
Kusanagi, K. N. (2022). Teacher Professional Development in Indonesia: Issues and Challenges (pp. 67–80). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5928-8_4
LAMDIK. (2018). Profil Prodi Kependidikan Menurut Pringkat Akreditasi S1(the accreditation profiles of teacher education program). https://lamdik.or.id/galeri/
Lewis, C. W., McLaren, P., & Hill-Jackson, V. (2023). Transforming Teacher Education: What Went Wrong With Teacher Training, and How We Can Fix It. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003448365
Loeneto, B. A., Ernalida, E., Eryansyah, E., Alwi, Z., & Oktarina, S. (2020). In-Service Teacher Training and Education in Indonesia. Creative Education, 11(03), 328–342. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2020.113026
Loughran, J. (2016). International handbook of teacher education (J. Loughran & M. L. Hamilton, Eds.; Vol. 2). Springer Science and Business Media.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
Mukminin, A., Rohayati, T., Putra, H. A., Habibi, A., & Aina, M. (2017). The Long Walk to Quality Teacher Education in Indonesia: Student Teachers’ Motives to become a Teacher and Policy Implications. İlköğretim Online, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.17051/io.2017.16366
Nielsen, H. D. (1998a). Reforms to Teacher Education in Indonesia: Does More Mean Better? Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 18(2), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/0218879980180203
Nielsen, H. D. (1998b). Reforms to Teacher Education in Indonesia: Does More Mean Better? Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 18(2), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/0218879980180203
Novita, P. (2019). What Happened to Initial Teacher Education in Indonesia? AReview of the Literature. European Journal of Social Science Education and Research, 6(3), 88. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i3.p88-103
OECD/ASian Development Bank. (2015). Education in Indonesia. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264230750-en
PDDikti. (2020). Grafik Jumlah Program Studi.
Pearson, A. T. (2016). The Teacher: Theory and Practice in Teacher Education. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315531373
Pelawi, M. A. 5. (2021). Funding higher education for human capital and social justice in Indonesia [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Glasgow.
Plá, S., & Ross, E. W. (2022). Social Studies Education in Latin America. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003241911
Ramchand, M. (2020). Learning to Teach: Initial Teacher Education in South Asia (pp. 1–36). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3309-5_30-1
Rosalina, M. P., Krisna, A., & Wisanggeni, S. P. (2022, July 29). Pengembalian Biaya Kuliah Keguruan Tercepat, Kedokteran Terlama. Kompas.Id. https://www.kompas.id/baca/investigasi/2022/07/28/pengembalian-biaya-kuliah-keguruan-tercepat-kedokteran-terlama
Rosser, A. (2019). Big Ambitions, Mediocre Results: Politics, Power and the Quest for World-Class Universities in Indonesia (pp. 81–99). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9294-8_4
Sabrin, M. (2018). Comparing the Costs and Benefits of Attending the Top Three U.S. Elementary Teacher Education Programs. Higher Education Studies, 8(2), 70. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v8n2p70
Salmons, J. (2016). Doing Qualitative Research Online. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473921955
Sibawaihi, S., & Fernandes, V. (2023). Globalizing higher education through internationalization and multiculturalism: The case of Indonesia. Higher Education Quarterly, 77(2), 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12391
Sunarto, K. (2017). The Rise of Quality Assurance in Indonesian Higher Education. In The Rise of Quality Assurance in Asian Higher Education (pp. 67–86). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100553-8.00008-2
Suryadarma, D., & Jones, G. W. (2013). Education in Indonesia. ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814459877
Suryani, A. (2021). “I chose teacher education because…”: a look into Indonesian future teachers. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 41(1), 70–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1783202
Tadjudin, M. K. (2009). Quality Assurance in Indonesian Higher Education. In Higher Education in Asia/Pacific (pp. 149–164). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230100466_11
Wang, J., Lin, E., Spalding, E., Odell, S. J., & Klecka, C. L. (2011). Understanding Teacher Education in an Era of Globalization. Journal of Teacher Education, 62(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487110394334
Westbrook, J., Durrani, N., Brown, R., Orr, D., Pryor, J., Boddy, J., & Salvi, F. (2013). Pedagogy, curriculum, teaching practices and teacher education in developing countries. Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
White, C. (1997). Indonesian Social Studies Education: A Critical Analysis. The Social Studies, 88(2), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377999709603753
Wicaksono, T. Y., & Friawan, D. (2011). Recent Developments in Higher Education in Indonesia: Issues and challenges. In Financing Higher Education and Economic Development in East Asia. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/FHEEDEA.11.2011.08
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
